Taking a Look for Breast Cancer - 1083 Words

DIAGNOSIS The simplest way to diagnose for breast cancer is a regular self-check for changes in the chest or breast area. On finding a lump or cyst under the skin, it is ideal to visit a GP for confirmation although; most lumps or cysts are normal or non-cancerous. On confirmation of the presence of breast cancer, a patient would be further examined to find out the stage of cancer and what treatments would be ideal for them. This further testing includes a variety of techniques used to scan a suspected breast cancer such as Mammogram, Ultrasound and Biopsy. MAMMOGRAM Mammogram is an X-ray scan of the breast, these checks for abnormalities in the patients’ breasts. The ideal use of mammogram is to spot an early stage of breast cancer where this would be difficult to find by touch. Like most technology error can also occur during the detection of these tumors and this could lead to misdiagnosis. There are two ways a patient may be misdiagnosed, these are ‘false negative’ and ‘false positive’ results. As the name suggested, false negative result is when a patient has been given an all clear diagnosis but there is still a presence of a cancerous tumor. False positive is the diagnosis of cancer in the patient even though none is present. These misdiagnosis can lead to negative consequences for the patients, leaving them stressed or may allow for the early stage of breast cancer to further develop. ULRASOUND Also known as Sonography, Ultrasound scans the breast firing pulsesShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1760 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Cancer Facts and Figures 2014 by the American Cancer Society, an estimated number of 232,670 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 2,360 new cases are expected in men. Breast cancer will possibly cause death to more than 40,000 female patients and 400 male patients in 2014. Excluding skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer that American women are diagnosed with. Additionally, breast cancer ranks second in the most deadly cancers among womenRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1758 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death among females in the world. It is known for â€Å"have both a genetic and non-genetic etiology† (Milne et al., 2010). It involves a combination of several factors- such as â€Å"genetic, environmental and behavioral risk factors†- that are unique to each individual (Nickels et al., 2013). This type of cancer is represented by a malignant tumor manifested in breast cells such as the line duct and line lobules cells, just to name a fewRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer955 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is the second leading cause of death in women in the United States, after lung cancer. Every year, millions of women over the age of 40 go in for a routine mammogram to help prevent terminal breast cancer by early prognosis. While some very fortunate women will never actually be diagnosed with this cancer, they still undergo this medical test routinely. However, for every eight women there is one th at will be diagnosed with some form of breast cancer in their life. It seems as thoughRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1052 Words   |  4 PagesNearly one in eight women in the United States will develop breast cancer at some point in her or his life (Breast Cancer Health Center, 2014). I am sure that almost everyone has been affected by breast cancer in one way or another, whether they had it or know someone who has had it. My mom’s aunt had breast cancer, as did my dad’s mother. My great-aunt luckily caught it early on and had it taken care of. Unfortunately, my grandmother caught it too late; it had spread all over her body and eventuallyRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer718 Words   |  3 Pagesasked her sister what was wrong. Elaine tried to ignore it and changed the subject. But Tina was worried and took her to the emergency room where the E.R. doctor diagnosed her with Stage 4 breast cancer. Since Elaine rarely went to doctors or got any check ups, she suffered from a late detection of breast cancer due to her fear of doctors. While visiting my family in New York for winter vacation 2011, I noticed that Elaine’s weight was dropping and her clothes were not as secure as they once were.Read MoreBreast Cancer : A Serious Condition1553 Words   |  7 PagesDestiny Myers BBH 411W.004 Prof. Gyekis 2/18/16 Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a serious condition and takes many people s lives each and every year. It accounts for at least 18.2% of cancer deaths worldwide.1 In society today, women are more focused on what appeals to men, rather than worrying about their own health. â€Å"If only women paid as much attention to their breast as men do† is promoted by National Breast Cancer Foundation. 2 The message that I took from this PSA is the notion that womenRead MoreBreast Cancer; Saving the Girls 959 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is the second most prominent cause of cancer deaths in women. About 1 in 8 American women living in the U.S. will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer sometime during the course of their life. About 39,620 of those women will die from it. â€Å"Breast cancer occurs when cells in the breast divide and grow without their normal control† (Komen). There are two main types of breast cancer. Ductal carcinoma, the most common type which starts in the tubes that transport milk from the breastRead MoreBreast Cancer Prevention and Education Essay1695 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Cancer Society, â€Å"Breast cancer is the common disease of women in the United States, other than skin cancer.† After lung cancer, it is the leading secondary cause of cancer death in women. It helps to have some basic facts about the normal makeup of the breasts to understand breast cancer. In the past, this disease was one of the most feared forms of cancer due to its fatality rate and because complete recovery often required breast removal. The best way to fight this diseaseRead MoreThe Significance Of Breast Cancer1022 Words   |  5 PagesThe Importance of Breast Cancer Breast cancer is a serious disease that takes place in the cells of the breast. It is detected in many things, such as finding a lump or a change in how the breast looks. It is important to know how breast cancer works and the many parts that contribute to the knowledge of the disease. Famous actress Angelina Jolie brought breast cancer into the spotlight when she decided to get a double mastectomy. In the article â€Å"The Angelina Effect† that came from Times magazineRead MoreBreast Cancer That Develops From Breast Tissue Essay1049 Words   |  5 PagesBreast cancer that develops from breast tissue. Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, or a red scaly patch of skin. In those with distant spread of the disease, there may be bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, or yellow skin. Risk factors for developing breast cancer include: female sex, obesity, lack of physical exercise, drinking alcohol, hormone replacement therapy during menopause

Marriage Is A Difficult Proposition - 934 Words

It is a well-known fact, in today’s society, that establishing and maintaining a marriage covenant is a difficult proposition. Couples find it easy to fall in love, dream of a future together, and make commitments that they intend to keep. According to divorce rates, however, it is easier to say, â€Å"I do† and â€Å"until death do us part† than to cultivate the skills that are required to remain committed to a lifelong marriage relationship. According to, Goodwin, Mosher, and Chandra (2010), research has shown that approximately one-third of marriages in the USA end up in divorce within the first 10 years. Additionally, estimates are that around 50% of all marriages in the USA end up in divorce (Britzman Sauerheber, 2014). For many, the major reasons for these disconnects in marriage are deficits in effective marital communication, the inability to resolve conflict constructively, and the lack of commitment to making the marriage work (Balderrama-Durbin, Snyde r, Balsis, 2015; Balswick Balswick, 2014; DeMaris, Sanchez, Krivickas, 2012; Stanley, Amato, Johnson, Markman, 2006; Villa Del Prette, 2013). According to Leslie Parrot, co-author of Save Your Marriage Before it Starts (SYMBIS), for many years, marriage and family counselors have poured their time, effort and energy into helping clients work through these issues to find ways to repair the broken relationships (Serres, 2010). Parrot says that although this is still necessary and vital, she, along with other leadersShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of Same-Sex Marriage976 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters call it marriage equality, and opponents refer to it as â€Å"redefining† marriage. The issue of legalizing same-sex marriage has evolved over the years. Same-sex marriage and the fight to legalize it publically started in 1972 in the ‘Baker v. Nelson’ Supreme Court case, which involved a Minnesota couple that was denied a marriage license. The couple ended up tak ing their issue to court but their trial was dismissed because the Supreme Court stated that the clerk was allowed to refuse same-sexRead MoreThe Debate Over The Right Of Consenting Adults1513 Words   |  7 Pagesbenevolence, but strengthens the concept of traditional marriage held most by those who oppose the extension of this civil right to our fellow Americans. No one person or government has the authority to prevent a citizen from experiencing a sense of attachment to another in any way. Further, aside from cases of public safety such as restraining orders, no citizen may be limited or controlled in their selection of cohabitants. Where, in this matter, marriage exists may be entirely spiritual as far as the cohabitantsRead MoreDiscrimination Against Gay Marriage is the Voice of Ignorance1447 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination Against Gay Marriage is the Voice of Ignorance Marriage is one of the fundamental establishments of the United States. As a young person, one looks forward to many goals in their lifetime: career success, a good life, and very often marriage to the person they love and a family together. This is one of the biggest parts of our American life and culture. Very few heterosexuals would be willing to put their right to marry on a ballot for voter approval, or even in their wildestRead MoreHollingsworth vs. Perry: Dispute Case Analysis685 Words   |  3 Pagesprotected from political consequences, but that downside is a necessary consequence of a system that strives for an independent judiciary. Determining whether justices should act according to the dictums of judicial activism or judicial restraint is difficult because both of those phrases have been very politicized in modern society. It is believed that any judge who does not follow conservative social policies is engaging in a type of judicial activism. For example, some early Civil Rights legal decisionsRead MoreThe Girl Child Marriage Act Of 20031134 Words   |  5 PagesCulture is said to be the way of life of people. It is difficult to divorce man from his culture as it defines him. Girl child marriage is one of the cultures of the Hausa people of Nigeria. Researches have shown that most Hausa women are married before they are in their early twenties. This culture has been frowned at by most Nigerians because it robs the girl child the opportunity to choose who she would have really loved to marry as she does not have the mental ability to make such a decisionRead MoreThe Rights Of Same Sex Marriage1582 Words    |  7 Pagesas the Marriage Protection Amendment, Proposition 102 was placed on the ballot and passed by Arizona voters in 2008, amending the state’s Constitution which defined the traditional sense of marriage between a man and a woman. However, on October 17, 2014, a federal judge disagreed with voters and overruled Prop 102, claiming that the ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional. Not long after the decision Attorney General Tom Horne stated that there would be no appeal and same-sex marriages wouldRead MoreThe Individual and the Corporation: Kathy Levinson and E*Trade a Case Study1566 Words   |  7 Pagesformed in the late 90’s in opposition to California’s Proposition 22 ballot measure legally recognizing marriage as a union only between a men and a women. Supporters of â€Å"Prop 22† viewed the measure not as a â€Å"gay marriage measure† but framed their argument to be about the â€Å"unfair, divisive, and intrusive nature of the initiative†. (Lardner, 1999) They felt they could appeal to the largest possible audience by looking at prop 22 not as gay marriage legislation but as anti gay discrimination. By playingRead MoreThe Issue Of Same Sex Marriage1404 Words   |  6 Pagessame-sex marriage in America right now is convoluted since the political culture of each state varies. Marrying the person you love can be either effortless or unbelievably difficult— sometimes even illegal. Although it wasn’t openly spoken about, homosexuality was frowned upon in the United States. Some companies refused to hire people if they knew they were gay. Baker v. Nelson was one of the first court cases in which the legal system was challenged on the topic of same-sex marriage. The conflictRead MoreViolence Agains t Women ( Vaw ) Essay1153 Words   |  5 Pagesfemale child murder; pre-birth sex choice; obstetric roughness and swarm brutality; and additionally unsafe standard or conventional practices, for example, honor killings, endowment viciousness, and female genital mutilation, marriage by snatching and constrained marriage. A few types of brutality are executed or excused by the state, for example, war assault; sexual savagery and sexual servitude amid struggle; constrained disinfection; constrained premature birth; viciousness by the police andRead More Marriage in 18th Century Europe Essay1004 Words   |  5 PagesMarriage in 18th Century Europe The major movement regarding marriage in the eighteenth century was from church to state. Marital laws and customs, once administered and governed by the church, increasingly came to be controlled by legislators who passed many laws restricting the circumstances and legality of marriages. These restrictions tended to represent the interests of the wealthy and uphold patriarchal tradition. Backlash to these restrictions produced a number of undesirable practices

Convoluted Skill of Communication and Thoughts

Question: Discuss about the Convoluted Skill of Communication and Thoughts. Answer: Introduction: The convoluted skill of communication is one attribute that is undoubtedly a necessity for organisations and individuals alike to achieve optimal results. This is because the interaction between people is needed for achieving success even on a basic level as the world is increasingly socially reliant. Particular sub-skills under communication category are more relevant to certain disciplines and fields in an organisation (De Janasz et al. 2014). The application of three interpersonal skills of listening, feedback and questioning are required for effective functionality in a workplace (Beebe, Beebe and Redmond 2014). A vital ingredient in the workplace is a suitable combination of honest dialogue and open interaction, and in the absence of these specific aspects, a professional is not capable of achieving the set objectives (Baker et al. 2013). Communication skills are therefore critical in order to excel in any discipline or field. The present essay explains the three interpersonal c ommunication skills of listening, feedback and questioning and critically discusses the benefits of applying these skills within the discipline of Occupational Health and Safety Officer (OSHO). The essay develops a persuasive argument as to why the skills are significant in the field of occupational health and safety. Farrell (2016) opines that listening is the capability to precisely gather and interpret messages in the process of communication. Listening is the fundamental factor in all successful communication, and without this skill, messages are often misunderstood. This results in the breakdown of the communication process and the sender suffers a loss due to such improper communication. The most powerful and basic tool to establish a connection with other people is to listen. According to Broadbent (2013), listening is something more than hearing as it requires concentrated efforts and focus, both physical and mental. Listening implies that both voice and language of the speaker is taken into account while the interpretation of the message. This means that both non-verbal and verbal messages are taken into account. Active listening is known to enhance the ability of an individual to pass on the information in the due course of exchanging information. By developing the technique to listen ef ficiently, the communication of an individual offers the empathy and clarity. Occupational health and safety officers are responsible for visiting places of employment for detection of unhealthy and unsafe working conditions. They are to ensure that the organisation has compliance with regulations and laws required for the workplace safety. Communication is, therefore, crucial for the officers when they come in contact with the employees of the organisation they are visiting for extracting out the maximal information. The main health and safety duties in a workplace are performed by the health and safety officer who undertakes development, implementation and improvement of the health and safety plans. It is decisive that the officers engage in active listening in order to communicate with the employees in the organisation. Active listening is helpful while investigating workplace accidents as the employees can provide with adequate information on such incidences. Identification of training needs can also be fostered if the plights of the employees are listened to adequately (Holt and Allen 2015). According to Men (2014) varied aspects of communication claim to be the most significant aspect, including feedback, both taking and giving. Effective feedback brings a number of benefits for the receiver, taker and the organisation as a whole. Feedback is necessary for all spheres of professional life as it forms a way of engaging in the better understanding of surrounding environment. Feedback communicates trust, respect and understanding that is incorporated in the workplace along with the nature of work that is undertaken. When an active communication is under process, both the parties experience two fundamental things- need to be understood and need to possess some value. Providing feedback means that both of these fundamental things are taken care of. As stated by Wiggins (2016) feedback is the opportunity to in build motivation among people by utilising the prospect to articulate appreciation. Feedback also leads to development in performance. Feedback is not always criticism but an encouraging act. Friend and Kohn (2014) outline the importance of feedback for occupational health and safety worker. As per the author, occupational health and safety officer needs to conduct safety inspections as well as risk assessments. Feedback is essential in this process as providing feedback means the employees of the organisation where inspection is undertaken are encouraged to perform better. Supervision of junior health and safety employees is a key role that officers fulfil, and it is already known that feedback is an integral element of supervision. The supervisory association is hugely based on feedback, ideally constructive in nature. Constructive feedback helps in achieving improvement in the way junior health and safety employees work and fulfil their responsibilities. Providing feedback can help prevent work-related illnesses, injuries and fatalities. Feedback is often directed to a suitable recipient, and it is desirable that response is transparent, prompt and effective. Feedback received by a health and safety officer from any external stakeholders regarding matters of occupational health safety is also highly beneficial. Cooren (2016) states that gathering information is considered as a fundamental human activity since information helps to learn, to solve critical problems and to aid the decision making process. Information is also to be gathered for understanding each other. Questioning is required for gaining adequate information. In the absence of questioning skills, interpersonal communication can witness failure miserably. Therefore one can say that for having a successful communication it is pivotal to raise questions. Poutanen, Siira and Aula (2016) highlight that some of the main reasons why an employee must ask questions frequently are to express interest in any subject, to get clarification of a doubt, to explore difficulties and test knowledge, and to encourage future thought. In addition, a control can be exhibited over any conversation. Questioning attempts to build up a rapport with the opponent and it is a good way of knowing the opponent better. Questions explore opinions, attitudes, beliefs, ideas and feelings. Reese (2015) throws light on the fact that questioning holds prime importance in the working process of occupational health and safety officer. Perhaps, adequate questioning is of utmost importance as officers need to extract out all information in any environment for ensuring that the health and safety are maintained. Proper questioning skills are necessary so that the optimal information is taken from the respondent who provides information on the health and safety attribute in a workplace. Questions encourage further thought of the employees in the workplace so that they can come up with some possible ideas on how to reduce the risks for health and safety hazards. Questions are used by the professionals to investigate any situation as often individuals have the tendency not to unfold the truth after any incidence of health and safety hazard. Drawing conclusion from the above discussion it can be concluded that communication skills of listening, feedback and questioning is necessary for achieving success in any professional field. This is also true for health and safety officer. Occupational health and safety officers utilise these three key skills for ensuring that all workplaces are free of any potential hazard and that the employees have a secured and safe working environment. Improved communication skills are fundamental for transferring information between parties, and occupational health and safety officers must make sure that they have the adequate training for exhibiting these skills. References Baker, A., Perreault, D., Reid, A. and Blanchard, C.M., 2013. Feedback and organizations: Feedback is good, feedback-friendly culture is better.Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne,54(4), p.260. Beebe, S.A., Beebe, S.J. and Redmond, M.V., 2014.Interpersonal communication. Pearson Custom Pub.. Broadbent, D.E., 2013.Perception and communication. Elsevier. Cooren, F., 2016. 20 Verbal communication in organizational settings.Verbal Communication,3, p.395. De Janasz, S. C., Crossman, J., Campbell, N., and Power, M. 2014.Interpersonal Skills in Organisations(2nd ed.). North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill. Farrell, B., 2016, August. Active Listening Leads to Action: Communication and Partners in the Learning Commons. InAmerican Library Association Annual Conference. American Library Association. Friend, M.A. and Kohn, J.P., 2014.Fundamentals of occupational safety and health. Bernan Press. Holt, A.S.J. and Allen, J., 2015.Principles of health and safety at work. Routledge. Men, L.R., 2014. Strategic internal communication: Transformational leadership, communication channels, and employee satisfaction.Management Communication Quarterly,28(2), pp.264-284. Poutanen, P., Siira, K. and Aula, P., 2016. Complexity and Organizational Communication: A Quest for Common Ground.Human Resource Development Review,15(2), pp.182-207. Reese, C.D., 2015.Occupational health and safety management: a practical approach. CRC press. Wiggins, G., 2016. Seven keys to effective feedback.On Formative Assessment: Readings from Educational Leadership (EL Essentials), p.24.

Teaching Assistant free essay sample

Describe the key aspects of the role of a teaching assistant The key aspect of a teaching assistant is to carry out a range of different practical and administrative tasks. As well as, work under the direction of the teaching staff or senior staff in the supervision and support of the pupil’s learning. By doing this the teaching assistant is helping to make more time available for the teacher to teach, however the role of a teaching assistant may vary from school to school. The teaching assistant is required to support the following: * Supporting the teacher * Supporting the pupil * Supporting the school * Supporting the curriculum Supporting the teacher One of the primary responsibilities is to arranged the classroom according to the lessons and to insure the pupils work activities are displayed throughout the classroom. Observe and record the pupils behaviour, problems, progress and academics achievements as well as report the findings to the teacher. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Assistant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Provide administration assistant as when and needed. Another responsibility of the teaching assistant is to work under direction of the teaching staff and senior staff in the classroom. Supporting the pupils Assist the pupils with their personal needs and help implant related personal programmes such as; * Social * Health * Physical * Hygiene * First aid * Welfare As well as building and maintain a good relationships with the pupils, by being a good role model and also responding to their individuals needs appropriately. Another responsibility is to observe and ensure the health and safety of the pupils who have access to the learning environment. Promote the welfare and acceptance of all pupils, motivate pupils to interact with others and participate in activites given by the teachers and also support the pupils to act independently when it’s appropriate. Supporting the school The teaching assistant needs to be knowledgeable of the policies and procedures relating to child protection, health, safety and security, confidentiality and data protection and reporting all concerns to an appropriate staff member. The teaching assistant also has to be aware of and support difference and make sure all pupils have equal access to opportunities to learn and develop. Attend meetings that are required. Continue personal development by participating in training and other learning activities and performance. Provide supervision of pupils out of lesson times i. e. including before and after school and lunchtimes. Assist teaching staff and pupils on visits, trips and out of school activities as required. Teaching assistant in schools provide an important role in the education supporting the wellbeing of the pupil in school and consistently providing input to raise the standard of the school Supporting the curriculum Supporting the curriculum the teaching assistants are not just part of the staff but are part of a team. The teaching assistant have the responsibilities to help the pupils understand instructions as well as help prepare the pupils with the regard of the local and national strategies which is given by the teacher e. g. numeracy, ks3, early years etc. Support the pupils in using basic ICT skills and to help prepare and maintain the equipment, resources as directed by the teacher and assist pupils in their use. Teaching Assistant free essay sample Describe how you might contribute to a lesson given to a group of seven year-old children learning to play percussion instruments? The role of the Teaching Assistant is to create and maximise the learning environment and to keep disturbing behaviour to a minimum. With this in mind my contribution to the learning of percussion instrument s would be. * Prior to the lesson taking place, I would make sure that the area they are going to be using is safe to the pupils and the instruments to be set up. If there is any other equipment is in the area which is not needed for the lesson, I would then put them away to another safe place. * That there is adequate equipment and that all instruments are in good working order prior to use. * I would also make sure I had a good knowledge of the instruments prior to the lesson, if I didn’t I would ask the teacher to clarify the names and also how they were to be used. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Assistant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then I can help show what the correct way to play the instruments are. * Going around the class and assisting any children who are struggle using the instruments, showing them how to hold and play with them. Making sure that music sheets are available if needed. * I would keep an eye on all pupils to make sure that they are behaving and help keep the pupils interested during the lesson to make sure that they don’t cause disruptive behaviour * As part of the role of a teaching assistant is observation, to within this in mind I will make observations to make sure they are following the objections of the lesson and following the guidelines * I will then provide my feedback of the lesson, to either the children or the teacher Q2 what might your role be in organising, using and maintaining the learning resources, materials and equipment? I would assist in the preparation of the resources, ensuring the classroom was set up before the lesson begins. To also ensure that all the instruments are set up correctly as instructed for the individual instrument and for how the teacher would like them. While doing this check I will make sure they are clean and in a safe working order. So the lesson can run smoothly we need to work out if they can work individually or within small groups. If the groups are to be using music sheets then I will make sure they are in good condition and if any of them need replacing. I would also encourage the children at the end of the lesson to be responsible to put the instruments away, but dependant of their age this might vary of how much they are allowed to do, to make sure it’s done correctly and safely to avoid any damages to the equipment, if any were damaged I would report this to the teacher to arrange either a replacement or to be repaired. I would also make sure that at the end of the lesson that all the work surfaces are clean and the classroom back to the how it would have been found at the beginning of the lesson. Q3 Describe how you act in class in order to be an effective role model for the standards of behaviour expected in pupils. As a teaching assistant it is essential to be an effective role model to promote positive behaviour both within the class and also in the school when around other pupils, teachers and staff. Pupils cannot be expected to behave in class if your own behaviour is not appropriate. It is also important to use appropriate language and that good manners are always used at all time, this would also apply when speaking to other adults and pupils. I would also show respect for other pupils and listen to them and help encourage them to show the same courtesy to you and others. This would also apply to following school rules and to make sure these are being adhered to. It is important to notice when children are trying hard and acknowledge it. But it is also important to not forget pupils who behave inappropriate and try and encourage them or to offer a reward be it sticker or reward chart. Positive recognition must always be followed up, for example if you have told a pupil you will tell the teacher of their good behaviour then this should be followed up and the teacher made aware of this. I would also encourage children to work as part of a team, pay attention and concentrate on the task. I would also offer support to those pupils who felt isolated or were not getting involved in the task set by the teacher. It is also important for the teaching assistant to be a good role model and is not only focused on the pupil’s behaviour but also their learning as well. Example of this could be a child in the class who is not confident enough to speak out loudly when involved in a group task, you could build up a rapport with the child and to try and work with them about ideas they have and to then encourage them to use these ideas with in the group. Q4 what strategies might you employ to encourage pupils to behave appropriately? Describe how you might react to incidents of bullying and violence. To encourage pupils to behave appropriately I would get them involved with making the rules, keeping them simple and not to make too many as this may distract them from why rules are there. I would look at designing posters for the wall which the pupils can work in group to put their own stamp on the rules. I would also encourage them strongly to adhere to these rules and what consequences may be if not followed. I would also encourage pupils of good standards of behaviour at all times and reward them for this i. . stickers or reward charts. This will then reduce any form a behaviour problems from occurring. Be proactive and to prepare things in advance by doing this it will reduce and problems occurring. And also to imagine any possible problems that may occur though out the lesson. All signs of bullying or violence should be taken seriously and reported and logged with the teacher or other school staff. I would als o make sure that any signs of bullying or violence is acted upon correctly to make sure or minimize it from happening in the future. This should be made aware to the pupils by the teacher and to also act upon any kind of follow up as directed from the teacher if bullying or violence is found be it in the classroom or outside the classroom. This could be dealt with by dealing with the incident individually and to assess what needs are required to eliminate this from happening in the future. I feel very strongly against anti-bullying and child protection so would make sure the pupils feel I can be approachable if they need someone to talk about. Q7. Describe how you might appropriately observe the physical abilities and skills of a nine year old boy. The first thing I would do is to find out exactly what the teacher is after from the observation. This way when I report back then we know I have been getting the right information. The observation would need to be carried out on normal day for the pupil so that you can see them at their full advantage and be able to report it correctly. To do a good observation you need to make sure the pupils don’t know what’s happening otherwise they won’t be themselves. This will entail a false observation and you won’t get a true result of their day to day behaviour . When observing the pupil I would attempt to make some rapport with the pupil so that they could comfortable with me being around them, especially if I am not generally known to them. Whilst doing the observation I would be looking for their- o Social and emotional – how they interact with other o Instructions – how they deal with group or individual tasks o Language and communication skills – how to speak to others o Physical abilities – how they move or handle objects

Music and Auto-tune free essay sample

It has become an indispensable tool In the production process. Erasing mistakes and adding effects that would be unheard of in music prior to the 21st century, with the exception of Cheers 1998 Believe, which laid the foundation to the trend In the flirts place[2]. To this end, the primary aim of the researchers is to flesh out the effects that Auto-Tune has had on the industry as an example of how computer software affects music, and in particular, the artists who make the music.To fully accept the importance of this study, one must acknowledge the fact that music has had a lengthy and mulattos history for as long as recorded music has existed. The Innovations and techniques introduced by new instruments and equipment meant that entire eras came and gone carrying these Innovations until new ones emerged. Now, to quote [1], The most important piece of musical equipment of the last 10 years is not an instrument or a physical object. We will write a custom essay sample on Music and Auto-tune or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is whats known as a plug-in. Specialized piece of software made to be inserted into other, bigger pieces of audio software. Auto- Tune bends off-key notes Into pitch perfection. Auto-Tune broke ground by introducing a new form of innovation unlike the physical media that has changed music before. The importance therefore lies In what this new form of Innovation implies in the face of how music has traditionally existed until now, because a deferent form of innovation will bring about a different form of change. For this paper, the researchers will explore selected details surrounding Auto-rune.These details include the following: the mechanism that allows Auto-Tune the ability to tots the implication the addition of unique effects to music has on how the artists who actively make use of it are perceived. Emphasis will be placed on the artists, as ultimately, the paper will lead the reader from the basics of Auto-Tune to the discussion of the following: Auto-Tune lowers the value of musical artists, as the creative musical paradigm is shifted from ones talent to technology. II. Body Auto-Tunes most distinctive quality lies in its ability to correct mistakes in songs during production.It accomplishes this through the coming together of the principles of autocorrelation and pit ch shifting[3]. In the beginning, autocorrelation was used or surveying the earth for seismic research and finding oil. It uses sound waves from source upon which the reflections of the waves are recorded on a saxophone. It was then found that the surveying model was capable of detecting not Just oil, but also the pitch of sound[2]. Meanwhile, the method of changing pitch is the separation of the signal of the voice into minuscule parts, otherwise known as grains. Each grain possesses a period of the signal.Afterwards, the grains are released in a manner matching the desired pitch. Thereafter, autocorrelation and the method for pitch erection came together to create what is now known as Auto-Tune. The pitch correction technology of Auto-Tune provides artists the ability to correct any mistake in a song whether it be almost insignificant or when it completely misses the intended pitch[4]. Let us revisit the phrase Music Demands Perfection listen to radio station nowadays and the listener will be hard pressed to find even Just one off-key moment among the songs that receive regular airtime.It is this simple function that has made waves in the entire music industry, and it remains hotly abated between artists and producers alike on whether it should continue to be used in the industry [5]. Figure 1 . Number of Respondents Who Listen to Mainstream Music [pick] Figure 2. Awareness of Respondents on the Existence of Pitch Correction Technology n Music [pick] Figure 1 shows how many of the 30 respondents listened to mainstream music. Figure 2 shows the awareness of the respondents on the presence of pitch correction technology in music. This fugue adds on to the result of Figure 1 by showing the respondents awareness of the music industry different aspects. Furthermore, more exponents answered Yes to #2 than , showing that even respondents who dont regularly listen to mainstream music are aware of software like Auto-Tune being used in music, highlighting its prevalence in the industry. Live performances are not exempt from the corrective nature of Auto-Tune[6]. Even on X-Factor, an American Idol-issue competitive singing show, contestants vices are run through the box, as producers put it[5].This put the shows motives n question, especially given the competitive format; if singers are allowed to run their voices through the box, where is the competition? More than this though, it puts an artists own ability into question. It is understandable that a performer would Ant to the deliver the best performance they can toward their audience. However, exerting more effort and simply deliver perfect performances in tune tha nks to the software[7]. Nonetheless, its perks do not end there.Production costs are lowered by foregoing the need to repeatedly record songs. Since mistakes can be corrected using Auto-Tune, the artists do not have to redo a certain song more times than is convenient for them. An artist can pick from a list of sakes already recorded, and Just run the software on any mistakes found in the chosen piece[4]. This doesnt Just lower the monetary costs of production, but it saves the time and energy which can then be reallocated to other songs or work.This in turn leads to a higher turnout of material from an artist, increasing the potential profit the recording company intends to milk from him or her. Figure 3. Rank of the Factors Consisting the Benefits of Auto-Tune [pick] The data in Figure 3 ranks the perceived benefits of Auto-Tune according to the respondents opinions. The most consistently highest-ranked benefit was allowing for more creative options; pitch correction and good live performances received the lowest priority, with production efficiency trailing creative options.This data provides Insight on the preferred kind of benefits the respondents want Auto-Tune to give the industry. As can be seen from the result, Production Efficiency placed high among the list of benefits Auto-Tune provides, further cementing it as a trait in Auto-Tunes favor. Although efficiency is a preferred quality to possess in numerous situations, it is not without a negative side. This negative side is especially apparent in what was Just previously mentioned: a safety net is cast for an artist to become lax in their performance[7].But at this point the focus is that the talents of the artists are not p lace on priority anymore and instead the industry sticks to individuals they know are marketable and whom they know they are comfortable To directly quote [5], Artists in the pre-Auto-Tune era HAD to be good. There wasnt a record deal if you werent good. Talent is now being taken for granted in exchange for an industrialized approach to producing music[4]. Perhaps the most innovative part of Auto-Tune that has vastly influenced present- day music is the fact that the voice can be manipulated beyond the range of the artist[4].For instance, the artist T-Pain makes extensive use of Auto-Tune to add effects to his voice in almost all of his songs[7]. Effects such as the gerbil sound or more popularly known as the robotic voice[2] are some of the more popular distortion techniques that Auto-Tune allows its users. This quality gives Auto-Tune a unique twist in the industry other than being a cheating device artists use to release consistently perfect-sounding songs. Of course, even this unique twist will not sway its detractors[5]. Christina Agiler even wore a shirt bearing the words, Auto-Tune is for puppies.The mere fact that there are people convinced that odd distortions are supposedly normal for the human voice says plenty about how people see the images of their favorite artists nowadays. Figure 4. Public Opinion on Which Attribute Does Auto-Tune Most Affect an Artists Image [pick] According to the respondents, the perception of an artists talent is most affected by Auto-Tune. This shows what the respondents place importance on in the music they sites to, as the quality of the music being purely the result of an artists efforts is questioned.However, the reverse can also be true, in which the respondents may perceive unique effects such as robotic sounds as products of an artists normal voice and talents. Conclusion Auto-Tune has brought about a mixed bag of big changes in the music industry. Utilizing simple concepts, music production and the artistry of music have all taken a different meaning. Whereas talent and effort were valued in music in the past, technology has found another avenue with which to make things easier and unfortunately, rid it of its defining characteristics. Musical artist is no longer a title exclusive to talented individuals like it was in the past; companies can literally pick up a random person off the street and give the person a makeover to make him or her marketable, and simply run their voice through Auto-Tune to make them an artist. Limitations include lack of the main programming background of the program itself, as the source code itself is unavailable due to copyright law. More limitations of the research include the fact that none of the respondents are professionals in the USIA industry.Furthermore, as they are students from De La Sale University, none of them specialize in music academically, unlike if they were studying in College o f Saint Bindle. This limits the professional opinion in the data. However, the rationale for this choice was to measure the awareness of common people about Auto-Tune. In addition to this, a crucial point was overlooked in the creation of the survey the survey failed to ask the level of interest the respondents had in music. This prevented the knowledge of whether a respondent was a music enthusiast or not. E effect is that it was difficult to distinguish the results that come from a well- Jerked music enthusiast from the results of a casual listener. However, given the data that were able to be used and applied to the research, the results of the survey were deemed satisfactory by the researchers. Recommendations for the improvement of the research include input from noted professionals from the music industry, amateur and professional producers of music, and the like. It may be better to gather information from other locations and not be limited to De La Sale University students only.

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum Chewing gum has a history that spans as far back as the ancient Greeks, who chewed the resin from mastic trees. But it wasnt until 1928 that Walter Diemer happened upon just the right gum recipe to make the very first bubble gum, a special type of chewing gum that allows the chewer to blow big pink bubbles. Earlier Attempts Diemer might have invented bubble gum, but he wasnt the first person who wanted to make gum bubbles. There were earlier attempts at making bubble gum in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but these bubble gums did not sell well because they were considered too wet and usually broke before a good bubble was formed. Diemers Bubble Gum Diemer gets the credit for inventing the first successful type of bubble gum. At the time, 23-year-old Diemer was an accountant for Fleer Chewing Gum Company, and he experimented with new gum recipes in his spare time. Diemer thought it was an accident when he hit upon a formula that was less sticky and more flexible than other types of chewing gum, characteristics that allowed a chewer to make bubbles (even if this discovery took him a year of failed attempts.) Then Diemer actually did have an accident: He lost the recipe the day after his discovery and it took him four months to figure it out again. Why Pink? Diemer used a pink dye for his new gum because pink was the only color available at the Fleer Chewing Gum Company. Pink remains the industry standard for bubble gum. Dubble Bubble To test his new recipe, Diemer took 100 samples of the new gum to a nearby store, selling it for a penny apiece. It sold out in a single day. Realizing they had a new, popular type of gum, the owners of Fleer marketed Diemers new gum as Dubble Bubble. To help sell the new bubble gum, Diemer himself taught salespeople how to blow bubbles so that they, in turn, could teach potential customers. Sales broke $1.5 million in the first year. In 1930, packages including a Fleer Funnies color comic featuring characters Dub and Bub were introduced. In 1950, Dub and Bub were dropped for Pud and his pals. Production of Dubble Bubble was halted during World War II because of a shortage of latex and sugar needed for manufacturing. Dubble Bubble remained the only bubble gum on the market in the United States until Bazooka bubble gum appeared after World War II, with the competing comic Bazooka Joe. Evolution of Bubble Gum You can now buy bubble gum in the original sugary pink form, as a small piece wrapped in paper, or as gumballs. And it now comes in a variety of flavors. Besides the original, you can get bubble gum in grape, apple, and watermelon. Gumballs come in original flavor plus blue raspberry, cotton candy, cinnamon apple, green apple, cinnamon, fancy  fruit, and watermelon. Plus you can get gumballs that look like baseballs or smiley faces.

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum

The Invention and History of Bubble Gum Chewing gum has a history that spans as far back as the ancient Greeks, who chewed the resin from mastic trees. But it wasnt until 1928 that Walter Diemer happened upon just the right gum recipe to make the very first bubble gum, a special type of chewing gum that allows the chewer to blow big pink bubbles. Earlier Attempts Diemer might have invented bubble gum, but he wasnt the first person who wanted to make gum bubbles. There were earlier attempts at making bubble gum in the late 1800s and early 1900s, but these bubble gums did not sell well because they were considered too wet and usually broke before a good bubble was formed. Diemers Bubble Gum Diemer gets the credit for inventing the first successful type of bubble gum. At the time, 23-year-old Diemer was an accountant for Fleer Chewing Gum Company, and he experimented with new gum recipes in his spare time. Diemer thought it was an accident when he hit upon a formula that was less sticky and more flexible than other types of chewing gum, characteristics that allowed a chewer to make bubbles (even if this discovery took him a year of failed attempts.) Then Diemer actually did have an accident: He lost the recipe the day after his discovery and it took him four months to figure it out again. Why Pink? Diemer used a pink dye for his new gum because pink was the only color available at the Fleer Chewing Gum Company. Pink remains the industry standard for bubble gum. Dubble Bubble To test his new recipe, Diemer took 100 samples of the new gum to a nearby store, selling it for a penny apiece. It sold out in a single day. Realizing they had a new, popular type of gum, the owners of Fleer marketed Diemers new gum as Dubble Bubble. To help sell the new bubble gum, Diemer himself taught salespeople how to blow bubbles so that they, in turn, could teach potential customers. Sales broke $1.5 million in the first year. In 1930, packages including a Fleer Funnies color comic featuring characters Dub and Bub were introduced. In 1950, Dub and Bub were dropped for Pud and his pals. Production of Dubble Bubble was halted during World War II because of a shortage of latex and sugar needed for manufacturing. Dubble Bubble remained the only bubble gum on the market in the United States until Bazooka bubble gum appeared after World War II, with the competing comic Bazooka Joe. Evolution of Bubble Gum You can now buy bubble gum in the original sugary pink form, as a small piece wrapped in paper, or as gumballs. And it now comes in a variety of flavors. Besides the original, you can get bubble gum in grape, apple, and watermelon. Gumballs come in original flavor plus blue raspberry, cotton candy, cinnamon apple, green apple, cinnamon, fancy  fruit, and watermelon. Plus you can get gumballs that look like baseballs or smiley faces.

Ford Motor Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ford Motor Company - Essay Example It houses 12 major suppliers, both tier one and tier two suppliers providing optimal conditions for lean manufacturing and just-in-time inventories. The project has reduced time travel thereby enabling Ford to save on its component inventories. It has enabled restoration of a 6-acre wet land polluted by sludge from nearby steel plants, reduced model change over time, and provides long-term savings. Body shop operations determine flexible manufacturing. It uses industry first system of standardization cells. Most of the tools are reused thus helps in cost cutting and reduces down time during product change over. They have programmable robots for the change over and welding. The shop has geo-stations for producing parts for several vehicles at the same time and ensures accurate positioning of parts. Measuring machines were also installed for precise dimensioning as the units move through the assembly process. At the body shop, vehicles stop at each station. Partial body parts are loaded to the geo-station turntable in the first station as quarter panels are loaded in adjacent station. They are remarried in the next station, the sealer. It then goes to the pre-clamp (clamp-up) area where the body side is married with floor pan. From here it goes to two framers, A and B, to be welded after which it goes to roofing station for layer welds and re-spot areas. The vehicle is now framed. Fully framed vehicle is finally inspected to clear defects and vehicle system inside. The vehicles are put on rollers test for engines, brakes and acceleration. After which they released to the yard. Renovation for the plant was indeed necessary. It set a benchmark in the automobile industry by setting up first flexible assembly system. This would definitely set competition among players in the industry. Bringing together suppliers under one roof

The Duty of the Employer to the Employee is the sole focus of Health Essay

The Duty of the Employer to the Employee is the sole focus of Health and Safety Law in Ireland - Essay Example Regardless of the post or position in an organisation each and every employee is protected by the law governing provisions on safety conditions in an organization. However, many organizations breach these laws. For this reason, employees have the responsibility of ensuring they receive the proper safety precautions from their organization. Additionally, employees should demand compensation in case of an accident in their organization2. On many occasions, many employees choose to sue their organisation in case of an accident. However, there are laws that protect an organisation from unnecessary law suits. In Ireland, employees are protected by the Health and Safety Authority (HSA). The body is responsible for the provision of guidelines under which employees and employers relate to workplace safety. The organisation also provides evaluation and analysis reports on the state of workplace safety in Ireland. The body also governs the way in which workplace safety disputes are solved. Workplace safety in Ireland is the creation of HAS since it has been functioning as a workers union in the country in terms of protecting employees from hazardous working environments3. The author further argues that the establishment of the organisation was a big step towards the global campaign of ensuring employers is responsible for their employees’ safety. As a nation, Ireland has large industrial market under which millions of human resources are employed across the nation. This number is also comprised of the self employed persons. Additionally, employers are also including both public and private companies4. Under the HAS all these organizations are governed by the rules and regulation provided by the organization. The large industrial market in Ireland greatly depends on the effort by the human resources and for this reason they have to be protected from hazardous working conditions. In a workplace safety report according to the HSA there was 7658 non-fatal accident

Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay Example for Free

Critical analysis of affected of economic crisis on the luxury brand market Essay I- Introduction Luxury Market has been important parts of the global retail market as well an important part of the global economy. Bain Company (2011) estimate the value of traditional luxury market including fashion, jewellery and Dinnerware line represents approximately â‚ ¬ 150 billion to â‚ ¬ 200 billion in 2010 which is an dramatic increase from estimate that the global luxury market was worth about $ 86 billion in 1990 (McKinsey Co, 1990). Since the 1980s, the luxury market has been growing at ten per cent per year. The growth rate of luxury is much higher than the growth rate of the global economy, which makes the luxury industry, relevant and important economic factor in the economy McKinsey (2011). Larousse (2005 p. 762) states: â€Å"Sophistication, which makes the splendour and comfort in the ways to live† The consummation of luxury by customers is due to the motivation to buy specific brands with quality products. The use of its products and consumer motivation are the result of consumption (Ahuvia Wong, 1998). See more: how to write a good critical analysis essay Uncertainties are present in the current economic climate but Bain Company (2011) estimates that the luxury market is going to grow in the coming years at about five to six per cent per year around the world and in Asia with more than a ten percent growth rate. As mass market manufacturing increases, companies want to increase the quality of their luxury products in order to retain their customers (Heine, 2011). A better understanding of the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury fashion brands will be identified and understood for the purposes of understanding the effect of the economic crisis on the luxury product industry. Kapferer, (2009) argues that without clear-cut specification of luxury it is impossible to distinguish the luxury consumer or luxury brand, from others who are not. In this thesis the author will start by explaining the aims and how the author intends to achieve his aims. Then a literature review will be undertaken to try and determine and define what luxury is and define various factors, which make a product luxury. The author will also try and generate a better understanding of why are luxury products important and the different target markets who they is important for. The author will discuss the methods used to complete the study. The Author will then present various factors, which affect the Luxury fashion brands in the economic downturn. Finally the author will provide his findings and conclude discussing the effects of the economic downturn on the luxury fashion market 1. 1 Rational The author has chosen to approach and better understand the world of luxury because of a personal interest at an academic level. In addition, the author being a student of luxury for more than 5 years want to deeper understand how big luxury brand adapted to the economic crisis. 1. 2 Aims Objectives The objective of this thesis is to study and analyse the luxury market and the threats that surround it. The aim of this study is to examine to what extent the economic crisis affects the luxury market. The objective is to understand the concepts implemented by the luxury market during this period of financial crisis. This thesis will be useful for understanding and analysing the luxury market and understand the various tools marketing used. 1. 3 Research question -Understand the luxury market and its operation. -Understanding the economic crisis on the financial market of luxury and magnitude. -Assess the extent to which marketing tools are used during the economic crisis. -Include the importance of consumer and luxury image in marketing. -Evaluate the various threats of the luxury market. 1. 4 Theoretical framework II- Methodology The methodology chapter will allow the researcher to understand and describe the different methods that can be used to successfully complete the objectives of this research project and move towards the aim of the research. Gillham (2000) explained that some methods are more appropriate depending on the subject and objectives. It is necessary to adapt the methodology on the project. Gillham (2000) also argues that research is about creating new knowledge, in a multitude of disciplines such as medicine, history or social works, by using evidence in the form of quantitative and qualitative data. The definition of methodology, according to Hart (2007, p. 28) is: â€Å"A system of methods and rules to facilitate the collection and analysis of data. It provides the starting point of choosing an approach made up of theories, ideas, concepts and definitions of the topic; therefore the basics of a critical activity consisting of making choices about the nature and characters of the social world (assumptions). This should not be confused with techniques of research, the application of methodology. † In this section the researcher highlights, discusses and assesses the methods used for the collection and evaluation of data. The researcher will focus on secondary research for the purpose of this research; the methodology will include the reasoning and justification for the choice of research design, construction method and also the sample of literature to be used to demonstrate a thorough understanding of the aims and objectives of the research. 2. 1 Choice of the research design Research is defined by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 488) as the systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose. The goal is to collect and analyse information to get a clear and established goal. The most appropriate method for this study is secondary research. It was selected by the author with the aim of examining the luxury market and the various threats that surround it as the crisis. The goal is to achieve a critical analysis of the current market situation for luxury brands. In addition Cottrell (2005) argues that many reliable sources are now available online. Secondary research via the Internet can provide data of better quality than the result of primary research. In performing secondary research, the author has made a very wide collection of information from the literature. Reading books, newspapers and articles online, acquired a clear and comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Considered safe by Saunders et al. (2003, p. 52) and it is recommended that. They are evaluated by peers before publication to assess their quality and convenience. To ensure that the collection of information, theory and models necessary and relevant; the author also conducted secondary research in the sources of the luxury market. The press releases and video from website such as Vogue, Fashion TV, Word of Fashion has allowed to deepen the knowledge. Stewart and Kami (1993) explain that the use of secondary data sources is an advantage. In addition, the authors point out that it allows the researcher to make a comparative analysis between the new collected data and previous data. 2. 2 Construction of design You need to maintain a critical perspective, the evaluation of the study on its own merits and in comparison with other studies on the same or similar problem. According to Saunders and al. (2003 p. 483) Saunders et al. (2003 p. 488) explains also the research: The systematic collection and interpretation of information with a clear purpose The objective of the systematic collection and interpretation of information is to analyse and criticize the effects of economic crisis on the market of luxury brands. The research plan established for this research project is the collection of qualitative information in a secondary search. During the construction and implementation of secondary research, it did not just say to read the previous literature, as explained Rudestam and Newtown (2001, p. 60) Critical evaluation is an integral party of process research and allows the completion of the secondary research. According to Cottrell (2005) Critical thinking is a complex function of deliberation that provides the skills and attitudes. Human nature is not the same for everyone. Some people are suspicious and the other is in trust. But in critical thinking that is different. This is not a character trait but a system of methodology used to analyse. According to Stewart (1993) and Saunders (2003) that secondary research is better suited for this research. In this thesis, the researcher collected data only secondary, secondary research allows access to reliable information and theories that are related to branding. Stewart and Karmins (1993, p. 3) argues that secondary research differs from primary research so that secondary research is based on reliable as primary research based on the analysis of the author information. The data required for completion of the aim and objectives is readily available from various secondary research resources. Primary research could have helped to provide the researcher with a first hand insight into the industry but the lack of accessibility to the key stakeholders and also time constraints to the research made primary research not feasible. 2. 3 Scope of research The luxury market is a vast market. It includes many products such as clothing, jewellery and cars; And also many services such as travel and hotels. As the luxury market is the researcher will focus on a particular sector of the luxury product industry for the purposes of a targeted and viable research. This will help the researcher to look at factors affecting the specific area of luxury in detail. As BainCo (2010) suggest Fashion is now the luxury sector expanding. The current craze for the fashion industry propels the luxury clothing first. The researcher is studying the field of luxury clothing. For the purposes of this research brands such as Louis Vuitton, Hermes, Dior and Chanel will be quoted at example to understand the current luxury market status. III- Literature Review A review of the literature is very important for any research and is an essential part of it (Webster and Watson, 2002). With the support of a literature review, the knowledge that is already prevalent on the topic in question may be determined (Hart, 1999). An incomplete comprehension the current literature might lead to misunderstandings on the subject. Hart (1999) defines a literature review that the widespread use of literature to support an approach to a topic the establishment of a methodology which can be used and the importance of new functionality that could potentially be supported by further research. It is also said to quality means the width and the appropriate depth, rigor and consistency, clarity and conciseness, analysis and efficient synthesis (Hart, 1999, p. 1). Webster and Watson (2002) define an effective review of the literature to be based on in-depth knowledge, and give us an understanding of where more research is needed. Cottrell (2005, p. 127) explains that when looking for evidence to support an argument that has been spoken on the subject in the literature should be considered, where relevant information can be found and understanding of the leading authorities on the subject. From the definitions, it is clear that it can be derived from a review of the literature effective (Levy and Ellis, 2006) 3. 1 What is luxury? 3. 1. 1 Definition Luxury brands looking to be desired and known by all, but consumed only by the happy few to keep their prestige explains Kapeferer (2002) This summarizes the overall strategy of luxury brands, however, some inconsistencies persist in the clear explanation of the definition of luxury. Gutzats (1996) expresses luxury with exhaustive definition Luxury two levels of representation. The first level is important. It includes product and brand (its history, its unique expertise and talent) second level is psychological, it is performance that our social environment and our brands influence us. Luxury is a product with multiple objective characteristics that make it unique and rare, but also subjective characteristics with experience because of the importance that has consumers during the purchase process. The rarity factor of a product is essential to the concept of luxury. Explained by Dubois (2001), the prestige of a luxury brand can lose value if too many people own it. The distribution of a luxury product is very important; it must be selective to maintain the scarcity of the product. However, according to Kapferer (2002), the luxury market is in perpetual change. Several factors explain why the brand luxuries change their relationship with the principle of scarcity and become more accessible to a wider audience. Diversification of luxury brands with the creation of range of accessories and cosmetic product for the consumer access to the general public. Partnerships with general public brands, the Masstige contraction of Mass and prestige, or prestige for the masses. Is concept allows enlargement of the luxury market. (Kapferer, 2009) 3. 1. 2 Relativity The vision of what is necessary and desirable is relative. It depends on the perspective and perception of the consumer. Depending on the consumer perception of luxury is not universal. Buttner and al (2006) argues that relativity of luxury is divided into several categories. The economic relativity, cultural, regional, temporal and situational. 1. 3. 1. 2. 1 Economic relativity Kisabaka (2001) suggests economic relativity is expressed by the difference in perception of luxury depending on the economic situation of the consumer. For example, a pair of jeans ? 70 will be considered by a category of consumer as usual while for another it could be a luxury item. From a perspective of another consumer group a pair of jeans worth ? 2000 might not be considered a luxury product. The perception of price and its relativity to luxury can be argued to be relative to the consumer. 2. 3. 1. 2. 2 Cultural relativity Kemp (1998) suggests cultural relativity can be expressed as a function of the consumer culture. Whatever the consumer culture, luxury is a product, which is not trivial and necessary in everyday life. Kemp (1998) But cultural relativity has no reference to the availability of the product but the product vision based on the culture. A product can be considered luxury or not, based on the culture. Kisabaka, (2001) argues in some cultures a product can be ordinary and undesirable while for another it will be indispensable to belong to the culture of his country. For example, alcohol can be seen as a luxury product in European countries, while in Islamic countries there will be a product that very few people consume. (Berthon and al. , 2009) However, Mortelmans (2005, p. 497) argues: Every social group can be said to have its own luxury Reith Meyer (2003) suggests every culture has its symbols and social distinctions. The consumer of the same culture can be part of different socio-professional category. For example, the hip-hop culture embraces gold teeth and considers it a luxury while it might not be desirable for a different cultural group. Kemp (1998) also argues cultural values express different preferences of luxury; they differ depending on age, sex, and education. It is important to differentiate the perception of luxury based on knowledge of the symbols of luxury. But also different perceptions in different cultural groups. 3. 3. 1. 2. 3 Regional relativity Reith Meyer (2003) express regional relativity in terms of availability of the product. A product mass distribution in a country will not have the luxury status. However, a product, which is rare in a country, takes of value because of its rarity and exclusive distribution. For example, a sunny day at the beach can be considered as a luxury for the countries of Europe. But in the Caribbean this represents the daily weather. 4. 3. 1. 2. 4 The Temporal relativity. Matsuyama (2002) defines temporal relativity by changes in perceptions of luxury over the years. The reasons for these changes in perceptions are societal trends and the development of technology. (Schiereck Koenigs, 2006) Technological advances for consumer products can change their perspective of luxury For example, Reith Meyer (2003) the television was created in the 1930s when it was considered a luxury, since the progression of technology televisions are present widely in his homes which has led to a change in the perception of luxury. This product has become common in homes is no longer a luxury product. However Koschel (2005) argues that the process can be expressed in the opposite direction. Natural resources such as clean air, water became scarce in some countries. Kapferer (2008) suggests temporal relativity is a specific factor of luxury because it is not stable and steady and could change readily. (Jackel Kochhan, 2000) Luxury is not universal and adapts as a function of some factor. It is important for companies to understand these factors and adapt ait’s marketing to influence different groups to sell its products. 3. 2 Luxury customer Gilles Lipovetsky (2009), philosopher suggests: Do not have faith in a future that is mechanically better and fairer, there are still people in the hope of a better life, the feast of the senses, the beauty to expect that we leave the monotony of everyday life. Luxury is no longer the accursed share, but dreams, excellence and superlative, this human need. It can be inferred from the above statement that luxury for a consumer is an achievement of itself. A luxury consumer wants to show his wealth and property, luxury goods are a reflection of the wealth. The motivation of pleasure today became the first luxury purchase motivation to its traditional buyers. (Gilles Lipovetsky, 2009) According to Okonkwo (2007) a purchaser of luxury products cannot be considered as a mere client of luxury, but as an individual part of a network of the brand. It is by sharing with him the ritual and the traditions of the bard, which they have purchased, by teaching the consumer these details about the brand itself the sense of community and attachment towards a brand is built. It can be inferred that unlike mass-market brands, the luxury brand should tell a story and to give the customer want to be a part. Gilles Lipovetsky (2009) explains luxury Consumption Consuming is both a product, a legend / myth, tradition, knowledge and ritual use. 3. 2. 1 Customer behaviour Kapferer (2004) suggests that there are several categorize consumers of luxury brands into different groups. Lombard (1989) argues that customers can be differentiated on the basis of their purchasing power. A customer with the financial resources has the capacity to buy products from all the different categories of luxury products (see section 3. 4. 3). These elite customers not only form the key user base of the product but also are a great advertisement for the luxury status of the product. Customers of the elite are the generators of the turnover of luxury brands. They are loyal and hold the financial resources to consume luxury goods when it desires. This type of customer only buys clothes from luxury brands. Occasional customers have the financial resources necessary to consume luxury products but are not addicted. They consume luxury when the mood or the occasion arises. They are not faithful because they can change the luxury brand in the trend. (Bainco, 2008) The low-income customers who consume when their financial situation allows them. This type of customer consumes the occasional high-priced products for exceptional period (Christmas, birthday). However this type of client is the target of entry-level luxury products. Low-income customers consume perfumes and cosmetics in large quantities. This allows them to detain a part of the brand without spending an extravagant amount. According to Berry (1994), three levels of luxury can be presented: the unattainable luxury reserved for extremely rich people, luxury means restricted to middle class high and affordable luxury reserved for the middle class. Each level corresponds to a totally different type of marketing because the target is not the same, the brand must adapt depending on the area they choose. Consumer’s behaviour while buying luxury products can be affected by three different effects. (Leibenstein, 1950) 5. 3. 2. 1. 1 The Veblen Effect One can distinguish consumption to be under the Veblen effect, conspicuous consumption. Leibenstein, (1950) suggests the consumer buys the luxury product due to its high price. The work of Bourne (1957) explains the influence of peer groups on consumers in their purchases of luxury goods. Vigneron and Johnson (1999) also argue that a positive relationship is observed between conspicuous consumption and peer groups. In addition, Bearden and Etzel (1982) also explain that to buy the product in public is a sign of Veblen because the customer wants to be seen buying a valuable product. The consumer wants to show their wealth, status and power (Veblen, 1899). The price of the products is considered important in the minds of consumers, it represents the quality. (Vigneron and Johnson, 1999) Erickson and Johansson (1995) conducted a study showing that the price can judge the quality of a luxury item. It is also agued the customer who consumes with effect Veblen is attentive to the quality of the product. 6. 3. 2. 1. 2 The effect of Snob According to Leibenstein (1950), the effect of snob is a complex concept. A consumer with the snob effect takes into account the emotional and personal desires which Influences the behaviour of others is also a factor that pushes the purchase of products of luxury brands. For example, the launch of a new product, create exclusivity, snob effect causes the immediate purchase. Few clients have this product at the launch, the customer will feel different and above other consumer, it is preferred. A luxury item in limited sale has a great value while a readily available product will be less demand and will not have a high value; unusual item brings respect and prestige. (Solomon, 1994) However, after some time, the general public and the mass consumers consume the product, the snob consumers reject the product. The unique product, popular and expensive does not stay long. Demand is growing rapidly and the product loses value. (Verhallen and Robben, 1994) 7. 3. 2. 1. 3 The Bandwagon Effect Bandwagon effect is a different concept of the two previous. In this effect, the product is consumed by the mass market, its demand in the market is important. Consumers are buying this type of product in order to have a luxury product and belong to a group. The luxury product is the similarity between the members of the group. (Leibenstein, 1950) For example, a consumer group buying the same mass-produced luxury feel they belong to the same social class. The product is generally in the current trend and at affordable price. Berry (1994) argues Bandwagon consumers buy the product to look like other consumer and access a different social class a different group. 3. 2. 2 Price McKinsey (1990) suggests that the price is the first characteristic, withheld to qualify luxury goods. It is evaluated as the criterion most objectives and most quantifiable to measure the quality of luxury. . Dubois and Duquesne (1993) also suggest that luxury product must be at a high price to be credible; it is an essential criterion for the qualification of the same as a luxury. Kapferer (2001) argues although the price is a very important criterion for the luxury product it is not the whole product. It can be found on the market for very expensive products that are not necessarily luxury items due to lack of quality and luxury marketing. The brand positioning reflects its class. In addition, Kapferer and Bastien (2009) also argue that the consumer looking for a luxury product is ready to pay the price but he also wants. Indeed, the consumer wants to own an expensive product because it provides the purchaser with recognition, which is valuable. The researched can infer that price is price is an important guideline of a luxury product. In addition, Danielle ALLERES (1997) states: The fair price for a luxury product based on a perfect correlation between the level in the world of luxury, rarity and its brand reputation. According to Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie (2009) a policy of skimming or price skimming is a pricing policy, which consists of a high price (often partially disconnected from the cost) that customers can choose, the price can directly target customers. It also maintains the image of luxury brand and reputation. (Julian Levy and Jacques Lendrevie, 2009) also argue that luxury product cannot be sold at a discount price. It may lose its value and caused the damage to the brand. 3. 2. 3 Exclusivity Kisabaka (2001) suggests scarcity of a product is also an important part of making it luxury. A luxury consumer wants exclusivity and differentiation. For example, a customer who purchases a product from a luxury brand would expect it to be exclusive and would not like it for it to be a mass-market product. (Catry, 2003) also points out luxury brand must ensure the rarity of its products by limiting the production and individualization of products. 3. 4 Luxury brand A brand can be expressed as the identity of the company and the consumers it targets. The brand must represent a clear image in the minds of target consumers. (Esch, 2011) The luxury brand is associated with its flagship products and basic products on the basis of which consumers assimilate the product image. (Kapferer, 2008) For example, the little black jacket from Chanel is the flagship product for years and is constantly equated with the image of Chanel. (http://thelittleblackjacket. chanel. com) Meffert and Lasslop (2003) suggest that different definitions of luxury represent the association of product characteristics and brand. A luxury brand is associated with an image that is ubiquitous in the consumers mind, which is itself associated with a luxury product: high price, perfect quality esthetical, the scarcity of the product and the product exceptional characters. 3. 4. 1 Relationship Product/Brand A luxury brand must not only offer luxury products but also offer ranges of products more accessible products to maintain the brand status. The goal would be to reach a wider target customer. (Kapferer and Bastien, 2009) For example, luxury brands such as Chanel and Dior, offer ranges available such as key rings or jewellery phone products. This allows consumers to enter and feel to be a part of brand, with an affordable price. In addition, brands offer masstiges products; this concept is the combination of a luxury brand with a current and accessible brand to the public. For example, H M has many partnerships with luxury brands and top designer. (Kapferer, 2008) Collections are distributed in H M stores at affordable prices to the general public. This marketing tactic provides high visibility for luxury brands to the mass market. In contrast, non-luxury brands try to portray themselves to be offering a range of products, which include a touch of luxury for another customer segment. For example, as Lufthansa airlines offer flights with luxury service at an additional cost such as offering extra-large seats, bigger entertainment systems and meals cooked to order. This demonstrates the relationship between a product and brand is important. It can also be inferred that a luxury brands have to offer luxury products to maintain its brand image. Furthermore the quality and status of a product will only remain one that of a luxurious item if the brand is rated as a luxury brand. 3. 4. 2 Type of luxury brand Luxury brands can be categorised using various different factors, which affect a brand. 8. 3. 4. 2. 1 Luxury brand level Esteve and Hieu-Dess (2005) argues level of brand can be differentiated on the basis of the levels of luxuries performed. It is therefore important to distinguish luxury brands based on a category. The entry-level: products of entry-level correspond to the product seen above in relation brand / product. Its products are part of the range luxury brand but with affordable prices. In its entry-level, there are the masstiges and the products of luxury brands at affordable prices. Example: Hugo Boss Fragrance Luxury product middle level: These products are part of the luxury range, but they are not maximum level. Its products are accessible while maintaining their entities luxury. Example: Marc Jacobs, Moschino. Luxury goods of high level: These products represented luxury in pure state. These ranges of products are of high quality and high price. Example: Hermes Produces luxury level of the elite: This product is the top of the ladder. This segment is the most luxury products. Its quality and marketing must be irreproachable, they represent the brand. To reference the type of product is Chanel, Dior. According to the relativity of luxury explained above, the established classification can be modified over time. A brand can go from middle level to level for elite customer. It may be noted its changes based on trends, seasons and different cultures. (Phan and al. ,2011) Conversely, certain brand may lose their luxury positioning if it does not fit depending on relativity. For example, Christian Lacroix, who lost his rank High Fashion due to improper adaptation of its marketing and its collections. (Bainco, 2009) 9. 3. 4. 2. 2 Luxury brand awareness The leading products and notorieties are very important in the management of the brand and in its differentiation. A luxury brand should differentiate itself from others with its marketing strategy and advertising. The knowledgeable consumer expects certain notoriety, it must be found in the marketing strategy. The luxury brand needs to focus its marketing and marketing in a niche. If a brand decides to sell luggage, clothing, jewellery and does not fit its marketing it will no longer be identified as specialize and thus not as a luxury brand. (Meffert and Lasslop 2003) Awareness of the brand in the minds of the public is essential. The flagship products create the brand awareness; even if its products are for purchase only certain category of customer it represents the brand. Previously the author explained the importance of quality and marketing for the range of customer connoisseur but this process is also important for the client who never will buy the product. Its customers will be interested in the brand and will position as a luxury brand (Kapferer, 2009) The primary objective of the luxury brand is to become known around the world to demonstrate its performance and quality. (Phan and al, 2011) In addition, for a customer of the elite luxury product group buys a flagship product is a sign of wealth, it is important that the product meets this demand (Kapferer Bastien, 2009). 3. 4. 3 Marketing technique If the marketing of mass consumption appeared after World War II during the post-war boom, the first luxury marketing techniques already existed in the seventeenth century. Berry (1994) The companies in the luxury sector can manage the time by recalling the history of their homes through codes. For example, Chanel, two legendary fragrance: N  ° 5 first perfume by Gabrielle Chanel launched in 1921 and still one of the best global industry sales is the lucky number of Coco, and No. 19 is reference to the date of birth of the Creator August 19, 1883, this history is an important part of the marketing strategy of the companies these days as they entice buyers by presenting a history and tradition of the product. Each of the luxury goods is modernized, redesigned while respecting the history of the house, called in luxury marketing an incremental leap technique. (Kapferer 2009) Thus, the customer discovers and buys without hesitation a new version of a mythical product that meets the codes of the house, allowing sales to continue to grow. The success of these products is only possible through the transfer of know-how of artisans and small hands working in the workshops. Embroiderers, milliners, dressmakers, all these businesses demonstrate a thorough knowledge and quality that are transmitted in time while upgrading. This concept allows the luxury home to restart their old products maintaining the brand image. A new advertising campaign is designed and the product is restarted. During a period of crisis, this concept is used by numerous brands. (Meffert Lasslop 2003) Luxury brands must carefully control its distribution channels. (Esch 2011) the industry knows how to stage each of its products in places specific distribution channels for each target group. Thus, it is imposs.

Tni Or Training Need Indentifaction Commerce Essay

Tni Or Training Need Indentifaction Commerce Essay This is basically identified by the supervisor / manager as per the performance of the individual or the future plan of growth which has been charted.. But many organistaions who have a complete Performance Management System in place, fix the TNI upon mutual agreement with the concerned employee and supervisopr/manager in accordance with the goals determined and agreement upon for the next PMS cycle. Sometimes TNI is also fixed upon to improve an individuals performance/skill. There are so many ways for conducting a Training Needs Analysis, depending on the situation. Is it to lead in to a design of a specific purpose improvement initiative? Is it for managers to identify training and development needs of their individual staff during the performance appraisal cycle? Is it to devise a calendar of training courses? How best to conduct the analysis will depend on your answer to this question. In any case, determining training needs starts with a gap analysis the gap between what skills your employees have and what they need to move the business forward. We should use one or more of the following data sources: Training Needs Analysis (TNA) is an essential first step in management development. If we wish to achieve the greatest improvement in performance and best value from your investment in training, development, practical experience or networking, we should first undertake a comprehensive training needs analysis. This will form the basis for designing a cost effective management or talent development programme. Training needs analyses can incorporate a 360 ° feedback survey, or an analysis of current corporate needs. For senior individuals an intensive interview programme, including work shadowing can be justified. Design a TNA:- Before starting on a training needs analysis, it is desirable to carry out an audit of the current situation, desired changes in job or responsibility, and probable technological and organisational developments. This will provide the information needed to determine what is required of the individual, team or organisation. Then we can determine performance standards in terms of skills, contacts and practical experience. Simple questionnaires help us identify where individuals stand on a range of competences in management, corporate goverance and director behaviour, and corporate culture. Both the process of answering the questions, and the feedback will contribute to self awareness, especially if the results include contributions from line manager, peers and direct reports. The training need is the difference between the current performance and the required performance. 360 ° feedback surveys :- A 360 ° feedback survey helps the organisation obtain quality information about performance and relationships by posing a set of standard questions to an individuals line manager, peers and direct reports. This all around (360 °) approach identifies any variation of behaviour in different roles and minimises personal bias. Brefi group recommends that a 360 ° survey should precede any developmental coaching programme. When reviewing an individual it is often best to ask open questions such as: Keep doing:  What are the things which  name currently does which help you and which you hope (s)he will continue to do? Do more of:  What are the things you would like  name to start doing or do more of? Do less of:  What are the things which  name does which get in the way and which you would like to be done less often? Development needs:  What are the areas upon which you feel  name should really concentrate in order to improve the managerial performance of the organisation? You may wish to highlight aspects of how (s)he manages or specific objectives or accountabilities which you feel need attention. Personal strengths:  What do you see as the key strengths which  name brings to his/her job? This information can then be consolidated by an independent consultant and fed back in a relatively unattributed manner. However, for a larger or organisation-wide survey it is better to get numeric information that can be analysed and presented by computer. Brefi Group has developed two on-line TNA analysis programs for this purpose. BuddyCoach is a low cost on-line service for individuals the basic service is free. Using standard questions based on competencies in personal effectiveness, managing communications, managing people, effective directorship and corporate culture an individual can obtain an analysis of personal strengths and development needs. For a small charge up to ten others line manager, peers and direct reports for instance can be invited to comment too. The graphical results contrast the results from the different categories of feedback and also compare them with the norm for our international database. For each competence result there are suggestions of how to improve. CorporateFeedback is a powerful tool for organisations to identify individual and corporate training needs. It is a fully customisable on-line 360 ° feedback program which draws on a reservoir of independently benchmarked competencies for managers and directors. The software is hosted on our servers but can be fully integrated into the website or intranet within a template of your design. CorporateFeedback offers a choice of job role, that can either be specified by the client or draw on our standard list. Within each job role there is a choice of modules, such as managing people or managing finance. Again, these can be specified by the client or draw on our existing selection. Each module comprises a number of competencies. Brefi Group has evolved a large selection of competencies, many based on international standards. Clients can draw on these and also include specific competencies relevant to their own organisation. Each competence is represented by four statements which are included randomly in the questionnaires with options to agree or disagree. The results are presented graphically, with options for department heads and HR departments to view consolidated results and for learning recommendations to be included within each category. Personal interviews Personal interviews by a trained interviewer who is independent of the organisation is a means of obtaining high quality information about an individual or members of a team. Not only can the interviewer collect standard information, but he/she can ask penetrating questions to identify the reasons for the feedback. The information can be fed back to the subject in a non-attributable manner, but with much more information, including not only actual quotes but theappropriate voice tone and emphasis of the original quote. If the interviewer is also commissioned to coach the individual or team, this quality information will ensure that real issues are properly dealt with. Work shadowing Work shadowing involves a coach spending time with an individual while he or she is carrying out their normal work. The coach sits in on meetings and observes the individuals behaviour in different circumstances. Feedback can then be immediate, or compiled into a formal report. The instant feedback is a valuable part of the coaching process. Conventional training is required to cover essential work-related skills, techniques and knowledge. Importantly however, the most effective way to develop people is quite different from conventional skills training, which lets face it many employees regard quite negatively. Theyll do it of course, but they wont enjoy it much because its about work, not about themselves as people. The most effective way to develop people is instead to  enable learning and personal development, with all that this implies. So, after covering the basic work-related skills training,the focus should be on   enabling learning and development for people as individuals   which extends the range of development way outside traditional work skills and knowledge, and creates far more exciting, liberating, motivational opportunities for people and for employers. Rightly organisations are facing great pressure to change these days to facilitate and encourage whole-person development and fulfilment beyond traditional training. As with this website as a whole, this training guide is oriented chiefly around whats good for people, rather than chiefly whats profitable for organizations. The reason for this is that in terms of learning, training and development, whats good for people is good for the organizations in which they work. Whats good for peoples development is good for organizational performance, quality, customer satisfaction, effective management and control, and therefore profits too. This is central to a fairly balanced  Psychological Contract  in employment organizations. Profit is an  outcome  of managing and developing people well. People and their development enable profit. Enable people and you enable profit. Organizations which approach training and development from this standpoint inevitably foster people who perform well and progress, and, importantly, stay around for long enough to become great at what they do, and to help others become so. Training is a very commonly used word, but  learning  is in many ways a better way to think of the subject, because learning belongs to the learner, whereas training traditionally belongs to the trainer or the organization. Training should be about  whole person development   not just transferring skills, the traditional interpretation of training at work. Whatever your role and responsibility, you might not immediately be able to put great new emphasis on whole person development. Being realistic, corporate attitudes and expectations about what training is and does cannot be changed overnight, and most organisations still see training as being limited to work skills, classrooms and powerpoint presentations. However, when you start to imagine and think and talk about progressive attitudes to developing people beyond traditional skills training for example: enabling learning facilitating meaningful personal development helping people to identify and achieve their own personal potential then you will surely begin to help the organisation (and CEO) to see and accept these newer ideas about what types of learning and development really work best and produces class-leading organizations. Training is also available far beyond and outside the classroom.  More importantly, training or learning, to look at it from the trainees view is anything offering learning and developmental experience.  Training and learning development includes aspects such as: ethics and morality; attitude and behaviour; leadership and determination, as well as skills and knowledge. Development isnt restricted to training its anything that helps a person to grow, in ability, skills, confidence, tolerance, commitment, initiative, inter-personal skills, understanding, self-control, motivation and more. If you consider the attributes of really effective people, be they leaders, managers, operators, technicians; any role at all,  the important qualities which make good performers special are likely to be attitudinal. Skills and knowledge, and the processes available to people, are no great advantage.  What makes people effective and valuable to any organization is their attitude. Attitude includes qualities that require different training and learning methods. Attitude stems from a persons mind-set, belief system, emotional maturity, self-confidence, and experience. These are the greatest training and development challenges faced, and there are better ways of achieving this sort of change and development than putting people in a classroom, or indeed by delivering most sorts of conventional business or skills training, which people see as a chore. This is why training and learning must extend far beyond conventional classroom training courses. Be creative, innovative, and open-minded, and you will discover learning in virtually every new experience, whether for yourself, your team, or your organization. If you want to make a difference, think about what really helps people to change. All supervisors and managers should enable and provide training and development for their people training develops people, it improves performance, raises morale; training and developing people increases the health and effectiveness of the organization, and the productivity of the business. The leaders ethics and behaviour set the standard for their peoples, which determines how productively they use their skills and knowledge. Training is nothing without the motivation to apply it effectively. A strong capability to plan and manage skills training, the acquisition of knowledge, and the development of motivation and attitude, largely determines how well people perform in their jobs. Training and also  enabling learning and personal development   is essential for the organisation. It helps improve quality, customer satisfaction, productivity, morale, management succession, business development and profitability. Use these tools and processes to ensure that essential work-related skills, techniques, and knowledge are trained, but remember after this to concentrate most of your training efforts and resources on  enabling and facilitating meaningful learning and personal development for people. There is no reason to stop at work-related training. Go further to help people grow and develop as people. Induction Training is especially important for new starters. Good induction training ensures new starters are retained, and then settled in quickly and happily to a productive role. Induction training is more than skills training. Its about the basics that seasoned employees all take for granted: what the shifts are; where the notice-board is; whats the routine for holidays, sickness; wheres the canteen; whats the dress code; where the toilets are. New employees also need to understand the organisations mission, goals and philosophy; personnel practices, health and safety rules, and of course the job theyre required to do, with clear methods, timescales and expectations. Managers must ensure induction training is properly planned an induction training plan must be issued to each new employee, so they and everyone else involved can see whats happening and that everything is included. These induction training principles are necessarily focused on the essential skills and knowledge for a new starter to settle in and to begin to do their job.. An organisation needs to assess its peoples skills training needs by a variety of methods and then structure the way that the training and development is to be delivered, and managers and supervisors play a key role in helping this process. Peoples personal strengths and capabilities   and aims and desires and special talents (current and dormant)   also need to be assessed, so as to understand, and help the person understand, that the opportunities for their development and achievement in the organisation are not limited by the job role, or the skill-set that the organisation inevitably defines for the person. As early as possible, let people know that their job role does not define their potential as a person within or outside the organisation, and, subject to organisational policy, look to develop each person in a meaningful relevant way that they will enjoy and seek, as an individual, beyond the job role, and beyond work requirements. If possible top-up this sort of development through the provision of mentoring and facilitative coaching (drawing out not putting in), which is very effective in producing excellent people. Mentoring and proper coaching should be used alongside formal structured training anyway, but this type of support can also greatly assist whole-person development, especially where the mentor or coach is seen as a role-model for the persons own particular aspirations. Its important that as a manager you understand yourself well before you coach, or train or mentor others: Are your own your own skills adequate? Do you need help or training in any important areas necessary to train, coach, mentor others? What is your own style? How do you you communicate? How do you approach tasks? What are your motives? These all affect the way you see and perform see the training, coaching or mentoring role, and the way that you see and relate to the person that your are coaching, or training, or mentoring. Your aim is to help the other person learn and develop not to create another version of yourself. When you understand yourself, you understand how you will be perceived, how best to communicate, and how best to help others grow and learn and develop. And its vital you understand the other persons style and personality too how they prefer to learn do they like to read and absorb a lot of detail, do they prefer to be shown, to experience themselves by trial and error? Knowing the other persons preferred learning style helps you deliver the training in the most relevant and helpful way. It helps you design activities and tasks that the other person will be more be more comfortable doing, which ensures a better result, quicker.   Many organizations face the challenge of developing greater confidence, initiative, solutions-finding, and problem-solving capabilities among their people. Organisations need staff at all levels to be more self-sufficient, resourceful, creative and autonomous. This behaviour enables staff can operate at higher strategic level, which makes their organizations more productive and competitive. Peoples efforts produce bigger results. Its what all organizations strive to achieve. However, while conventional skills training gives people new techniques and methods, it wont develop their maturity, belief, or courage, which is so essential for the development of managerial and strategic capabilities. Again, focus on developing  the person, not the skills. Try to see things from the persons (your peoples) point of view. Provide learning and experiences that theyd like for their own personal interest, development and fulfilment. Performance and capability are ultimately dependent on peoples attitude and emotional maturity. Help them to achieve what they want on a personal level, and this provides a platform for trust, emotional contracting with the organisation, and subsequent skills/process/knowledge development relevant to managing higher responsibilities, roles and teams. 2.Examining training in large municipalities: linking individual and organizational training needs. By Willow Jacobson Ellen V. Rubin Sally Coleman Selden    |   Ã‚  Public Personnel Management     Winter, 2002 Both practitioners and academics in the private, not-for-profit, and public sectors are increasingly focusing attention on organizational and  human resource  management  performance. An important component or predictor of government performance is  its  training  infrastructure. It helps organizations recruit and retain workers, as well as ensure that workers have the requisite skills and opportunities to perform in their current and future positions. Training is a direct means of developing individuals, and subsequently organizational capacity. This capacity, in turn, is linked to overall organizational performance. This article utilizes data collected as part of a national study of local, state, and national governmentthe Government Performance Project. Specifically, it focuses on training in the largest municipalities in the United States. First, this article briefly reviews the existing research on training, demonstrating the need for a holistic examination of training in the public sector. Second, using data from the Government Performance Project, it describes the nature of training in 33 of the 35 largest cities in the United States. Finally, drawing upon what was learned through survey questions and personal interviews with city officials, this article presents a training model that integrates employees, the organization, and the environmental context in which employees and the organization operate. A recurring discussion in the training literature relates to the categorization of trainingmanagement training, technical training, and skills of an aging workforceand the inclination on the part of scholars is to limit their research to a particular type of training. As responsibility for the delivery of public sector goods and services is passed down to local governments, understanding the opportunities and mechanisms for developing employees becomes increasingly more important. With this delegation of responsibility come expectations that local government employees will deliver an increasing range of services. The need to provide additional services corresponds to a need to train employees for the delivery of extended services. Furthermore, in an increasingly competitive job market, it is essential that governments explore training as both an opportunity to retain employees and as a means to attract and develop new employees. This article is designed to fill the gap of knowledge about training in local governments by examining and discussing training for all employees and managers. In addition, this article will look at the relationship between different measures related to training and the environment. Finally, based upon data collected and analyzed, we develop a framework that can be used to guide government planning and training analysis. The human  resource  management  survey instrument contained a series of multi-part, open-ended questions designed to yield information about a given citys training system. The survey instrument was designed and pretested in four states, four local governments, and four federal agencies in 1997. Based on this pilot study, the instrument was revised and streamlined to focus as directly as possible on the evaluation criteria for human resource management. After completing a survey of 50 states in 1998, the survey was revised. Training need identification:- Some cities track employees training records centrally, while others assign this responsibility to individual agencies in which employees work. Specifically, in 76.0 percent of cities, the central personnel department keeps records of individual employee training, and in 66.6 percent, individual departments keep records. Records kept by the central office were computerized more frequently (82.6 percent) than those kept at the department level (50.0 percent). Computerized records allow managers and policy makers easier access for planning and analysis. Having a training catalog on the Web can make it easier for employees to stay up-to-date with course offerings. Honolulu and Jacksonville are two cities that provide online training catalogs. Finally, cities may offer incentives to encourage training. Other incentives for obtaining training are the rewards employees receive for completion. The GPP identified five possible rewards for training: class certification, college credit, recognition by supervisor(s), meal (ceremony), and skill pay. Rewards for training can motivate employees to not only seek, but complete training. Despite their potential positive impact, the survey results show that less than a third of cities offer rewards for completing training  explored a series of bivariate relationships between training-related measures and environmental factors including unionization, workforce planning, and workforce age. Unionization and workforce planning are significantly associated with diversity of training opportunities and training capacity. Monetary encouragement is significantly associated with average workforce age; however, the nature of this relationship is negative.   While the data is useful in providing information about the array of courses offered and a broad sense of the training environment structure, it offers limited insights about the quality of course offerings or the extent to which training meets the strategic needs of the government. As a result, this article develops a framework that structures our understanding of training from both the individual employee perspective and the organizational perspective. The model clarifies how the organizations training structure represents two distinct components and how these components may be prioritized. Strategic Systems Training Model: An Integrated Approach The Strategic Systems Training Model (SSTM) is based on the premise presented by Abraham Maslows A Theory of Human Motivation (1943) in which he describes a hierarchy of needs: when a foundational need is met, a more complex need emerges that an individual strives to fulfill. It is the emerging tension that motivates employees. Maslows model is based on the assumption that all individuals have needs that underlie their motivational structure, and as a lower level need is fulfilled, that need no longer drives behavior. However, a new higher order need becomes the source for motivation. (22) Component 1: The Individual Employee Using Maslows model as a starting point, he argues that humans have individual motivational structures. We take a similar approach and argue that individuals have individual training structures. In Maslows model, individuals are motivated at the most basic level by physiological needs that include their basic survival needs. In the individuals training structure, the most basic level of need is training on minimal occupational skills needed for basic employment survival. Depending on the individual, this may be basic literacy training or basic computer training. As shown in Figure 1, as an individual moves up the hierarchy, his or her motivation becomes more refined and specific. Similarly, as public sector employees progress through the training hierarchy of needs, the training requested becomes more advanced and specialized. n Maslows model, individuals still need to fulfill lower-level needs as they progress up the hierarchy. The training model begins to deviate from Maslows model at this point. Basic training does not need to be continually re-taught as more advanced training is undertaken, but the basic skills gained through previous training do need to be maintained. An individuals training structure is the  blueprint  for the training the individual needs to build his or her capacity, based upon the foundation of skills and training the person has already received. Component 2: The Organization An organization, like an individual, has its own training structure based on its needs and the skills of its workforce. (23) The training structure for an organization is made up of its employees, who bring their own training structures. Employees fill the layers within an organization; the organization needs to be aware of an employees current level of need and train him or her accordingly. The organization must also consider how the different needs and skills of its employees fit within the overall needs and mission of the organization. An organization that works to train all employees at the most basic level can then shift resources to other areas of training the organization needs to prosper. Furthermore, an organization must reconcile the obligation of meeting the training needs of its individual employees with its responsibility to develop an organizational training structure that suits its overall needs. An organization with a strategic focus advances and develops through its acquisition of new human capital and the development and training of its current human capital. The diversity of employees training needs means that an organization has to carefully plan its training structure to train employees at the appropriate level according to both individual and programmatic needs, which requires a more holistic understanding of how employees fit into the largerorganizational  structure  and how that employee contributes to the accomplishment of the organizations mission. Matching employees to training levels actually results in the separation of the organizational training structure into two training sub-structures or components: one that focuses on training managers and the other that focuses on general training. These two components are then treated as separate but interactive pieces of the organizations training structure. They can be prioritized and developed differently. The priority that one component may receive over the other is often due to limited resources, training philosophy, or other contextual factors. In an ideal system, both compone nts receive attention. In reality, one part is often prioritized over another due to budget constraints and other limited resources. This prioritization often relates to greater philosophical and contextual factors (see Figure 2). For example, cities that believe in succession planning, or filling management positions with people that have worked their way up through government, are more likely to focus their attention on the bottom triangle, expecting employees who complete those  training  courses to later progress into management positions. Thus, they want to advance the individual within that individuals training structure because they will take those skills to their next positions. This type of city is likely to prioritize the general training component. Cities that place a priority on the manager training structure might feel that trained managers transfer information to employees, so general training is not as important. This notion implies that managers act as trainers for employees, and as a result, fewer formal courses may be offered to general employees. This could lead to a less-developed training program. The transfer of training through informal networks does not allow for formal record keeping of an employees progress, thus making it difficult for the organization to accurately plan organizational training that meets individuals needs. Another explanation for the focus on the manager component could be justified by cities that are undertaking massive change; the priority may be to familiarize managers with changes so they can help transition the organization. Research has demonstrated the significance of the environment on organizational structure and behavior These examples demonstrate this significance by presenting factors that are outside the organizations training structure, yet have a serious impact on how the training system operates. The influence of these contextual factors on the training system are included as important explanatory factors in this model. This model serves two purposes in the planning process. First, it allows planning for individual training needs, and second, it allows planning at the organizational level. This second purpose is multidimensional, including the individuals that make up the organization, the capacity they bring to the organization, and how this interacts with meeting the future goals of the organization Conclusion:- This article presented a picture of training in 33 city governments, as well as key relationships that help us to understand training capacity, both overall and in relation to some of its key components. Cities offer a range of courses to general employees, ranging from the most basic to more advanced skills. Interestingly, fewer cities offer basic training than a more specialized set of training courses Finally, this article provides a model that helps to conceptualize individual training structures an